1.INTRODUCTION : The term aerobiology, coined in 1930s by F.C. Meier to describe a project that involved the study of life in the air. Since then, aerobiology has been defined by many as the study of the aerosolization, aerial transmission and deposition of biological materials. Others have defined it more specifically as the study of diseases that may be transmitted via the respiratory route. Despite the variations in definition, this evolving area is becoming increasingly important in many aspects of diverse fields including public health, environmental science, industrial and agricultural engineering, biological warfare and space exploration. Biological contaminants include whole entities such as bacterial and viral human pathogens. They also include airborne toxins, which can be parts or componentsof wholecells. Microbes in air generally come from soil, water and living organism’ s activities. The micro flora of air is highly dynamicand is affected by temperature, wind speed, moisture/humidity, pollution, and other human and animal activities (Hanna K Leppänen et al.). They are of greatimportance as their presence in air may exert adverse effects to thehealth of population and may cause spoilage, composting, biodegradation, etc. Air can be considered one of the least hospitable environments. As a result, aero microbiology, the study of living microorganisms suspended in air, traditiona ly gets less attention than aquatic or soil microbiology. However, mounting evidence of airborne COVID-19 transmission has generated new interest in the field. (Nadkarni MA, Martin FE, Jacques NA, Hunter N et., al) (2002). The micro flora of air can be studied under two headings outdoorand indoor micro flora.
1.1OutdoorMicroflora: Theair in the atmosphere, which is found outside the buildings, is referred to as outside air. The dominant micro flora of outside air is fungi. The two common genera of fungi are and , besides these twogenerals, under general 2 found in air are , , and .Theoutdoorairalso contains ofyeast, andfragments of and of molds.
1.1 IndoorMicroflora: The air found inside the building is referred to as indoor air. The commonest genera of fungi in indoor air are penicillium. Aspergillus, the commonest genera of bacteria found in indoor air is staphylococci, bacillus and clostridium. Some of the most common bacterial speciespresent in air are Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Bacillus etc. and Fungal species are Cladosporium, Alterneria, Pencillium, Aspergillus. (Chen Q, Hildemann et., al LM) (2009)
The aim of this assesment is to isolate in two different types of bacteria such as Gram-positive cocci which are staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative rod which is E coil. S. aureus is a communal and opportunistic pathogen that can cause wide spectrum of infection – To identify the bacterial species Gram staining procedure is done, Biochemical tests is performed, Identified sequence of bacterial identify spectrum of infection.
2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE: Airborne indoor and outdoor bacteria and fungi were assessed during the spring season using conventional methods to investigate the enumeration and identification of airborne micro-organisms. This was determined through air quality sampling using the ‘ open plate technique’ . The air samples were collected different locations. Thus, along with all these benefits, microbes greatly contribute in maintaining sustainability of environment. (Bowers RM, McLetchie Knight R, Fierer N et., al) (2011).
3.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sample Collection Sedimentation technique which involves the opening of plate with specific culture media was employed for the study. Nutrient agar plates were exposed to air for 30min at different sites. After sampling, all plates were immediately taken to microbiology laboratory and incubated at 37ºc for18-24 hrs. for bacterial growth- Streak plate, gram staining. Bio chemical test requires catalase test, indole test, methyl red test. Perform procedure by quantification of DNA, PCR amplification, gel electrophoresis and gel documentation system with materials mentoned above.
4. RESULT AND DISCUSSION: Streak Plate- From the plate exposure technique, we got the bacterial colony. To get the isolated colony we have streaked one colony each from the 2-air sample and kept in incubator at 37° c for overnight. Plate 1: Streak plate of air microbes collected from A.PG and B Hospital. Gram s Staining-16 An isolated colony from each streak plate was taken for gram staining and observed under 100xwith oil immersion method. We observed gram positive cocci and gram-negative rod from the sample . Plate 2: Gram staining result for A. PG (Grampositive cocci) AndB. Hospital (Gramnegative rod).
5.CONCLUSION: Modern molecular approaches have revealed an extraordinary diversity of microorganisms, most of which are yet uncharacterized because of non-culturable nature of microorganisms. This poses a great challenge to microbial ecologists. How could one compare the microbial diversity of different environments when vast majority of microbial taxa is usua ly unknown? Bohannan and Hughes have reported three statistical approaches to analyse microbial diversity such as parametric estimation, non-parametric estimation and community phylogenetics which are proving to be promising tools to meet this challenge. Parametric and non-parametric estimation approaches are used to compare operational taxonomic unit richness among environments, while phylogenetic approach compares evolutionary diversity of organisms among environments. Microbial biodiversity describes complexity and variability among microorganisms at different levels of biological organization. It includes genes, species, ecosystems, evolutionary and functional processes that link them (Microbial diversity constitutes an extraordinary reservoir of life in the biosphere that has only just begun to be explored and understood. Molecular identification is carried out by extracting DNA from bacteria by phenol-chloroform method. Isolated DNA was amplified by PCR technique using specific primers. Amplified DNA segment are purified using gel purification method, obtained purified DNA was sequenced by 3130X genetic analyzer the method of sequencer gave a success rate of 90-95% and read length of 300 bases or more and the result were got with the high rate of sequence success .The primers which are T used for amplification In bioinformatics, BLAST for B asic L ocal A lignment S earch ool is an algorithm for comparing primary biological sequence information, such as the amino-acid sequencesof proteins or the nucleotides of DNA sequences. A BLAST search enables a researcher to compare a query sequence with a library or database of sequences, and identify library sequences that resemble the query sequence above acertain threshold.( Jaffal, A.A., etal) Where we got nucleotide sequence which was blast against the NCBI database to identify bacterial species which was takenfor the experiment.
6.REFERENCES: 1. Qian J,Hospodsky D,Yamamoto N,Nazaroff WW,Peccia J (2011) Size-resolved emission ratesof airborne bacteria and fungi in anoccupied classroom. IndoorAir. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2012.00769. x. (3) (10 _17) 2. NadkarniMA,Martin FE, JacquesNA,Hunter N(2002) Determination of bacterial load by real-time PCR using a broad-range (universal) probe and primersset. Microbiology 148: 257– 266. (1) (266_305).
-L.B LAHARI
CHRIST UNIVERSITY.
